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okay so and basically today I'm going to

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talk about the work that I presented at

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LPS see this year and it was a

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collaboration between our group at the

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University of Hawaii and the lava

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Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

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where they have this really huge

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transmission electron microscope and

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basically we were looking at one single

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meteorite and I've tried to make this

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talk not so geological I took out all

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the data just left in the pictures aimed

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at a five year old so I'm hoping that

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the biologists will still be able to to

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understand what I'm talking about I

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okay so the aim of the project and was

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really to compare the chemistry and

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mineralogy of the Martian and

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terrestrial alteration phases in this

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single meteorite which is called the

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mill arranged 0900 32 and on micrometer

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scale so as I said using a transmission

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electron microscope and so are the

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minerals that we find in the terrestrial

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alteration and the Martian alteration

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similar M is the chemistry similar what

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are the water rock ratios of the two

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environments like are they similar and

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and ultimately is the are the Antarctic

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Dry Valleys a really good analogue the

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best analog on earth for the environment

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that formed these Martian alteration

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minerals okay so this is our meat right

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it was collected in 2009 in the

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Antarctic Dry Valleys in the mill

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arranged region and by the Antarctic

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search for meteorites team which I think

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they covered a little bit this morning

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and so the mineralogy and chemistry

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designate as a Martian basaltic

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meteorite which means for those of you

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aren't geologist it's kind of like a

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lava that you would get in Hawaii or

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anyways it's a rip tavaris and it has

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these minerals in them known as olive

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eens Here I am the really interesting

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thing about this specific Martian

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meteorite is it's in the group's and

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knock lights all that means is that

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inside these all

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in grains which has shown this bright

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green here you get these kind of darker

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grey areas that are Martian clay i'm

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going to say clay and like this because

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it's not really clay but it's just you

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don't need to know all that we'll just

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say clay for now um okay so okay yeah so

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how do we know they're Martian well in

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very specific areas in this meteorite

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you get a cross-cutting relationship

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between these clay veins and this fusion

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crust material fusion crust is what's

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formed when the meteorite comes in

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through the atmosphere and the outside

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of the meteorite gets melted so you get

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this crustal area with lots of bubbles

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in it and it's just a melting of the

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meteorite itself and you can see that

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these veins in in certain areas they

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abut against the fusion crust and there

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d volatilized so they get bubbles in

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them they look like they've melted in

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this case one of them's kind of walked

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with the heat here if they were formed

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after the meteorite came in through the

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atmosphere then you would expect that

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they would cut across this fusion crust

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and we wouldn't see any kind of melting

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or anything and so we know that they're

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Martian but the problem is how do we

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distinguish these Martian em clay veins

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from the terrestrial alteration minerals

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that are formed in the Antarctic which

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are often quite similar in in terms of

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chemical composition nobody's really

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looked at this and in in so much detail

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before there's been one paper in 2011

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that attempted to do the same thing that

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I did with with different meteorites but

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they concentrated on and Martian

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meteorites that were false so things

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that hadn't been SAT around on earth and

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they were just looking at the Martian

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material what we really wanted to do was

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make a comparison between the Martian

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alteration material and the stuff that's

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formed in Antarctica and so we

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concentrated on a tiny area in our meat

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right if I just go back I can show you

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what

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mean by that okay so say this is our

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whole meteorite stone when you take a

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thin section it's a 30 micron thick

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slice of rock that you then mount onto a

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glass slide so you can look under and

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under a microscope or a electron

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microscope and when you take a fib

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section you basically take this this is

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the whole thin section so we're talking

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about a centimeter across here and the

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thickness of this thin section it's

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going to be 30 microns when you take a

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fib section of something you have to

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focus in on one on a target area in the

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thin section and decide which which area

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you want to focus in on so for us we

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pick this area here and this is the

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terrestrial exposed edge of the

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meteorite and this is a gypsum grain it

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shows it better in this false-color

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image it's this white grain there it's a

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longer crack and it's next to the

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terrestrial exposed area so we assumed

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that was terrestrial and if we focus in

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a little bit more so this is just an

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electron microscope image of the gypsum

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grain you can see this crack here and

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you can also see that it's next to one

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of these olive in grains that I pointed

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out with some pre terrestrial Martian

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clay so we focused in a tiny bit more

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and this is that olivene this is the pre

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terrestrial clay which is labeled idd

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that just ignore that it's because it's

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sometimes called eating site it has many

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names because it's not really clay and

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so this is the area we took our fib

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section from and this image here just

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shows how you take a fib section from a

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thin section basically you drill down

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and make a vertical section which is

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what this line shows you make two

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trenches either side and you take out

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something that is around 10 microns by

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about 5 microns deep and in the bottom

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image it's around 50 nanometers thick so

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it's a tiny little wafer you have to do

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this em with a micromanipulator because

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by this stage you can't see it so you

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can't if you if it's if you drop it then

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you're screwed okay so we've got a fib

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section and because

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so wafer-thin you can then put it in the

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transmission electron microscope and it

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creates an image because the electrons

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actually pass straight through it and

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for this type of image anything that

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appears bright is dense and because the

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electrons are being back scattered

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anything that appears a darker color is

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less dense so more electrons get through

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and so here we cut through an area that

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was partly a Martian clay and partly

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terrestrial alteration and and when we

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looked at the chemistry of these phases

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we found that em well first of all you

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can see there's a really clear boundary

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there between the two so this is the

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Martian side and this is the terrestrial

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side and when we looked at the chemistry

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you can see that the Martian side it is

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actually real clay that that was quite

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surprising to us because the people who

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study this before they said they hadn't

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found clay in any of the sections they

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found more and more for silicate

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material that didn't have any structure

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and it's an iron-rich clay and probably

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a lot of you would have heard of the

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Mars Curiosity rover recently and found

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smectite clay on the surface of Mars

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well we found it first because it's in

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this meteorite and so yeah I mean it

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kind of confirmed what we'd already

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found but this is an entre night

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smectite clay which is exactly the kind

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of stuff that they found on the surface

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of Mars and in the gale crater on the

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terrestrial side is very different in

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this fib section and we've got something

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called jarosite which is a sulfate is an

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iron potassium sulfate and lots of

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slightly altered olivene and by that I

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just mean it's it's olivene but it has

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some sulfur in it weirdly which olivine

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never normally has sulfur in there and

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then these kind of bright our vein areas

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they're iron oxides and hydroxides so

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that was the first fib section and if we

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focus in on the Martian phyllosilicate

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or clay as I always saying it's got

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structure so the reason we can identify

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it as a smectite clay is because if you

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really focus down which is something

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that you can only do really with a

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transmission electron microscope you can

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see on the scale of angstroms so here we

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got and the fringes here and each fringe

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between here and here is roughly 10

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angstroms and that's ident that

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identifies this clay as a smectite

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specifically as an entre night it is

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poorly ordered so the images are not

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fantastic if you look to the terrestrial

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clay they would be just lines going

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straight across here and but we do have

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some structure okay so so we also look

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to the second area so again we're

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looking at this gypsum green and this

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area at the bottom of the gypsum grain

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to me looked really interesting because

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not only if we got gypsum but there's

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also these other layers in there and and

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I couldn't identify these with any other

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method because they're so narrow and so

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I thought okay we'll make it a fib

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section there and see whether this grey

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area is actually a clay that was formed

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in the Antarctic so this is our second

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food section we've got the gypsum grain

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here we've got the lair next to the

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gypsum grain which is very rich in again

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sulfates which seems to be a trend with

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the Antarctic alteration material and

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then we've got two layers actually in

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this firm in this what I thought could

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be clay region and but it actually turns

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out to be amorphous there's no structure

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in here when we zoomed in there was no

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and phyllosilicate fringes there at all

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it's just an amorphous silica it is very

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rich in iron and and it's quite rich in

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manganese and sulfur but there's no

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structure there and the interesting

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thing about that is you only get

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structural phyllosilicates when the

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water rot ratio goes above a certain

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threshold below that you still get

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alteration but you get this amorphous

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eyes material because it's kind of like

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a stunted material this is why people

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weren't surprised to find it on Mars

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because we know that there's not much

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water hanging around on Mars but in the

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Antarctic it's surprising that we see

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the amorphous material as the Antarctic

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alteration and whereas there's material

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in there that's Martian and unease

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phyllosilicate okay so some of the main

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conclusions that we

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for this from this work and well we

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found out that the Martian clay is

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actually clay it's a smectite play known

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as one entre night the same stuff that

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msl is found on Mars and something I

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didn't talk about was the fact that this

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meteorite from the chemistry of the

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Martian clay we could determine that the

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meteorite actually came from very close

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to the surface of Mars and I'm not going

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to go into that in too much detail but

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it kind of helps us to determine how the

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fluids formed in this certain group of

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meteorites and but the really important

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thing that we found was the fact that

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actually in the Antarctic the water rock

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ratio in this specific meteorite was

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lower than it was when these Martian

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alteration clays formed so it could be

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that the Antarctic is actually drier

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than the surface of Mars or at least at

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the time that these clays were formed

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okay I have a two-part question so

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you're comparing the Martian in the

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Antarctic alteration but the Eddings

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aight in the neck lights is like a

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combination it's mostly primary

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alteration of the minerals and then a

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little bit of secondary deposition so

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all of your terrestrial stuff is like

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secondary precipitation out of fluids

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it's not actually altering the minerals

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so like are the conditions of the

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alteration really comparable like so

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what I mean is that this altar because

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it was sitting on the surface and fluids

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kind of percolated through and deposited

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sulfates and things like that but the

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neck lights were altered at depth from

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hydrothermal fluids going through them

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for a long period of time and actually

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primary altering Aldean so like we find

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Jerry site on the surface of Mars from

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like basically the exact same setting I

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really dry just flew precipitation but

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is this really like a comparable analog

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because the environment and a type of

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alteration that the actual rust is is

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totally different yeah okay so and so in

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terms of the sulfates yes I would agree

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with you the sulfates that we find in

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the Antarctic they are depositional you

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can see that because on the meteorite if

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you get an external surface they kind of

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like grade in words so they are too

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mostly terrestrial in this meteorite and

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they do come from small amounts of water

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on the surface and they well I we

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actually published a paper maybe there's

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a lot of them there's a lot of biogenic

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material in the Antarctic in the

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atmosphere it's a lot of the sulfur and

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a lot of the salts do come from from

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from the atmosphere and from

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precipitation of water but when you said

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that that the the fluids in the

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Antarctic doesn't actually alter the

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minerals I don't think that's true for

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and I don't know if I can go back now I

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don't think it's true for all of the

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minerals because the the amorphous

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material that we found that's not

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depositional it's not from things come

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in and from the outside of the meteorite

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the chemistry of that and the the

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Martian phyllosilicate material but

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eating site it's exactly the same

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and it is an alteration of em are you

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saying that the amorphous gel is

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terrestrial its terrestrial but it's all

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its it's from alteration of the primary

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minerals in the Martian meteorite are

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you sure because all the other nak

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lights have amorphous gel that has the

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same composition as the Clay's that is

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Martian yes it's Martian yes exactly and

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we know that its terrestrial because um

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because of the manganese content and

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it's next to a kleiner purok scene

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that's been altered and the kleiner park

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scene contains a small amount of

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manganese the clay the pre terrestrial

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clay doesn't contain any manganese and

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just texturally you can tell that its

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terrestrial the paper that published the

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morphus gel material that was all inside

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the eating site veins we do actually

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have a paper coming out it's difficult